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Approaches to Learning
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Through approaches to learning, students develop skills that have relevance across the curriculum that help them “learn how to learn”. Approaches to learning skills can be learned and taught, improved with practice and developed incrementally. They provide a solid foundation for learning independently and with others. ATL skills help students prepare for, and demonstrate learning through, meaningful assessment. They provide a common language that students and teachers can use to reflect on and articulate on the process of learning.
Approaches to learning are most powerful when teachers plan and students engage with them in connection with significant and relevant content knowledge in order to develop transferable understanding. All teachers in IB schools are responsible for integrating and explicitly teaching ATL skills.
The most effective way to develop approaches to learning is through ongoing, process-focused disciplinary and interdisciplinary teaching and learning. Teachers can use key and related concepts along with global contexts as vehicles for teaching effective learning strategies. Likewise, approaches to learning can be powerful tools for exploring significant content. This dual focus (content and process) promotes student engagement, deep understanding, transfer of skills and academic success.
Over time, students should develop clear and sophisticated understandings of how they learn best and how they can evaluate the effectiveness of their learning. This kind of self-regulated (independent and autonomous) learning helps students:
- reflect purposefully on their learning (metacognition)
- understand the diversity of human learning needs
- evaluate and provide evidence of their learning
- meet MYP subject group aims and objectives
- share responsibility for creating productive, cooperative and safe learning environments
- develop the confidence to try new strategies and explore new concepts and contexts for learning
- prepare for further study and responsible participation in local and global communities.
ATL skills and learning theory
Considered as a whole and at the highest proficiency, MYP approaches to learning represent the skills that students need in order to become self-regulated, intrinsically motivated learners. MYP ATL skills reflect “dynamic, internally controlled . . . processes that positively influence a student’s tendency to approach, engage with, expend effort on, and persist in learning tasks in an ongoing, self directed manner” (McCombs, 1984).
Using the vocabulary of learning theory, ATL skills can be described as
- cognitive- learner-initiated use and practice of active information-processing and retrieval strategies
- affective (social and emotional)- self-management of mood, motivation, interpersonal relationships and attitudes toward learning
- metacognitive- awareness, understanding and control of personal learning processes.
ATL skills are informed by and support the development of the attributes of the IB learner profile.
ATL skills framework
The MYP extends IB ATL skills categories into ten developmentally-appropriate clusters. From this framework GMHS has developed its own framework based on MYP subjects and units.
ATL skills are interconnected. Individual skills and skills clusters frequently overlap and may be relevant to more than one skill category.
Developing student responsibility for ATL
Some of the key questions to be answered by students with respect to ATL skills include:
- What are my present skills in this area and what evidence do I have of my development?
- What skills can I improve?
- What new skills can learn?
When specific ATL skills become an explicit focus for teaching and learning, students can begin to take responsibility for their own development. Over time, students can identify themselves and their competence in any learning strategy using terms like these:
- Novice/ beginning – students are introduced to the skill and can watch others performing it (observation)
- Learner/ developing – students copy others who use the skill and use the skill with scaffolding and guidance (emulation)
- Practitioner/ using – students employ the skill confidently and effectively (demonstration)
- Expert/ sharing – students can show others how to use the skill and accurately assess how effectively the skill is used (self-regulation)
A concept-based curriculum that uses ATL skills effectively enables all students to become stronger, more self-regulated learners.
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Communication
I Communication skills: Exchanging thoughts, messages and information effectively through interaction
Inquiry focus: How can students communicate through interaction
- Give and receive meaningful feedback
- Use intercultural understanding to interpret communication
- Use a variety of speaking techniques to communicate with a variety of audiences
- Use appropriate forms of writing for different purposes and audiences
- Use a variety of media to communicate with a range of audiences
- Interpret and use effectively modes of non-verbal communication
- Negotiate ideas and knowledge with peers and teachers
- Participate in, and contribute to, digital social media networks
- Collaborate with peers and experts using a variety of digital environments and media
- Share ideas with multiple audiences using a variety of digital environments and media
Inquiry focus: How can students demonstrate communication through language?
- Reading, writing and using language to gather and communicate information
- Read critically and for comprehension
- Read a variety of sources for information and for pleasure
- Make inferences and draw conclusions
- Use and interpret a range of discipline-specific terms and symbols
- Write and for different purposes
- Understand and use mathematical notation
- Paraphrase accurately and concisely
- Preview and skim texts to build understanding
- Take effective notes in class
- Make effective summary notes for studying
- Use a variety of organizers for academic writing tasks
- Find information for disciplinary and interdisciplinary inquiries, using a variety of media
- Organize and depict information logically
- Structure information in summaries, essays and reports
- Understand and implement intellectual property
- Create references and citations, use footnotes/endnotes and construct a bibliography according to recognized conventions
- Identify primary and secondary sources
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Social
II Collaboration skills: Working effectively with others
Inquiry focus: How can students collaborate?
- Use social media networks appropriately to build and develop relationships
- Practice empathy
- Delegate and share responsibility for decision-making
- Help others to succeed
- Take responsibility for one’s own actions
- Manage and resolve conflict and work collaboratively in teams
- Build consensus
- Make fair and equitable decisions
- Listen actively to other perspectives and ideas
- Negotiate effectively
- Encourage others to contribute
- Exercise leadership and take on a variety of roles within groups
- Give and receive meaningful feedback
- Advocate for your own rights and needs
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Self Management
III Organization skills: Managing time and tasks effectively
Inquiry focus: How can students demonstrate organisation skills?
- Plan short and long term assignments; meet deadlines
- Create plans to prepare for summative assessments (examinations and performances)
- Keep and use a weekly planner for assignments
- Set goals that challenging and realistic
- Plan strategies and take action to achieve personal and academic goals
- Bring necessary equipment and supplies to class
- Keep an organized and logical system of information files/notebooks
- Use appropriate strategies for organizing complex information
- Understand and use sensory learning preferences (learning styles)
- Select and use technology effectively and productively
IV Affective skills: Managing state of mind
Inquiry focus: How can students manage their own state of mind?
- Mindfulness
- Practice focus and concentration
- Practice strategies to develop mental quiet
- Practice strategies to overcome distractions
- Perseverance
- Demonstrate persistence and perseverance
- Practice delaying gratification
- Emotional management
- Practice strategies to overcome impulsiveness and anger
- Practice strategies to prevent and eliminate bullying
- Practice strategies to reduce anxiety
- Practice being aware of body-mind connections
- Self-motivation
- Practice analyzing and attributing causes for failure
- Practice managing self-talk
- Practice positive thinking
- Resilience
- Practice ‘bouncing back’ after adversity, mistakes and failures
- Practice ‘failing well’
- Practice dealing with disappointment and unmet expectations
- Practice dealing with change
V Reflection: (Re-)considering what has been learned; choosing and using ATL skills
Inquiry focus: How can students be reflective?
- Develop new skills, techniques and strategies for effective learning
- Identify strengths and weaknesses of personal learning strategies (self-assessment)
- Demonstrate flexibility in the selection and use of learning strategies
- Try new approaches to learning and evaluate their effectiveness
- Consider content (What did I learn about today? What don’t I yet understand? What questions do I have now?)
- Consider ATL skills development (What can already do? How can I share my skills to help peers who need more practice? What will I work on next?)
- Consider personal learning strategies (How efficiently and effectively am I learning? What can I do to become a more efficient and effective learner? How can my understanding of personal strengths and weaknesses help me develop my own strategies for learning?)
- Consider ethical, cultural and environmental implications
- Keep a journal to record reflections
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Research
VI Information literacy: Finding, interpreting, judging and creating information
Inquiry focus: How can students demonstrate information literacy?
- Collect, record and verify data
- Access information to be informed and inform others
- Make connections between various sources of information
- Understand the benefits and limitations of personal sensory learning preferences when accessing, processing and recalling information
- Use memory techniques to develop long term memory
- Present information in a variety of formats and platforms
- Collect and analyse data to identify solutions and/or make informed decisions
- Process data and report results
- Evaluate and select information sources and digital tools based on their appropriateness to specific tasks
- Understand and use technology systems
- Use critical literacy skills to analyze and interpret media communications
VII Media literacy: Interacting with media to use and create ideas and information
Inquiry focus: How can students demonstrate media literacy?
- Locate, organize, analyse, evaluate, synthesize and ethically use information from a variety of sources and media [including digital social media and online networks]
- Demonstrate awareness of media interpretations of events and ideas [including digital social media]
- Make informed choices about personal viewing experiences
- Understand the impact of media representations and modes of presentation
- Seek a range of perspectives from multiple and varied sources
- Communicate information and ideas effectively to multiple audiences using a variety of media and formats
- Compare, contrast and draw connections among (multi)media resources
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Thinking
VIII Critical thinking: Analyzing and evaluating issues and ideas
Inquiry focus: How can students think critically?
- Practice observing carefully in order to recognize problems
- Gather and organize relevant information to formulate an argument
- Recognize unstated assumptions and bias
- Interpret data Evaluate evidence and arguments
- Recognize and evaluate propositions
- Draw reasonable conclusions and generalizations
- Test generalizations and conclusions
- Revise understanding based on new information and evidence
- Evaluate and manage risk
- Formulate factual, topical, conceptual and debateable questions
- Consider ideas from multiple perspectives
- Develop contrary or opposing arguments
- Analyse complex concepts and projects into their constituent parts and synthesize them to create new understanding
- Propose and evaluate a variety of solutions
- Identify obstacles and challenges
- Use models and simulations to explore complex systems and issues
- Identify trends and forecast possibilities
- Troubleshoot systems and applications
IX Creativity and innovation: The skills of invention – developing things and ideas that never existed before
Inquiry focus: How can students be creative?
- Use brainstorming and mind mapping to generate new ideas and inquiries
- Consider multiple alternatives, including those that might be unlikely or impossible
- Create novel solutions to complex problems
- Use lateral thinking to make unexpected connections
- Design improvements to existing machines, media and technologies
- Design new machines, media and technologies
- Make guesses and generate testable hypotheses
- Apply existing knowledge to generate new ideas, products or processes
- Create original works and ideas
- Practice flexible thinking – arguing both sides of an argument
- Use visible thinking strategies and techniques
- Propose metaphors and analogies
X Transfer Utilising skills and knowledge in multiple contexts
Inquiry focus: How can students transfer skills and knowledge among disciplines and subject groups?
- Utilize effective learning strategies in subject groups and disciplines
- Apply skills and knowledge in unfamiliar situations Inquire in different contexts to gain a different perspective
- Compare conceptual understanding across multiple subject groups and disciplines
- Make connections between subject groups and disciplines
- Combine knowledge, understanding and skills to create products or solutions
- Transfer current knowledge to learning of new technologies
- Change the context of an inquiry to gain different perspectives
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Approaches to learning in the MYP
The focus of approaches to learning in the MYP is on helping students to develop the self-knowledge and skills they need to enjoy a lifetime of learning. ATL skills empower students to succeed in meeting the challenging objectives of MYP subject groups as well as prepare them for further success if they choose to pursue a rigorous academic programme like the IB Diploma Programme. Ultimately, ATL skills help to prepare students for responsible participation in local and global communities.
In the MYP, ATL encompasses both general and discipline-specific skills. Many ATL skills are applicable to all MYP subject groups; these general ‘tools for learning’ are then tailored to meet the specific needs of students and subjects. In order to develop ATL skills that facilitate effective and efficient learning, students need models, clear expectations, developmental benchmarks (or targets), and multiple opportunities to practice. While ATL are not formally assessed in the MYP, they contribute to students’ achievement in all subject groups. Teachers provide students with regular, specific feedback on the development of ATL skills through learning engagements and that provide formative assessment.
Every MYP unit identifies approaches to learning skills that students will develop through their inquiry and demonstrate in the unit’s summative assessment.
The most effective way to develop approaches to learning is through ongoing, process-focused disciplinary and interdisciplinary teaching and learning. Teachers can use key and related concepts along with global contexts as vehicles for teaching effective learning strategies. Likewise, approaches to learning can be powerful tools for exploring significant content. This dual focus (content and process) promotes student engagement, deep understanding, transfer of skills and academic success.
Over time, students should develop clear and sophisticated understandings of how they learn best and how they can evaluate the effectiveness of their learning. This kind of self-regulated (independent and autonomous) learning helps students:
- reflect purposefully on their learning (metacognition)
- understand the diversity of human learning needs
- evaluate and provide evidence of their learning
- meet MYP subject group aims and objectives
- share responsibility for creating productive, cooperative and safe learning environments
- develop the confidence to try new strategies and explore new concepts and contexts for learning
- prepare for further study and responsible participation in local and global communities.
ATL skills and learning theory
Considered as a whole and at the highest proficiency, MYP approaches to learning represent the skills that students need in order to become self-regulated, intrinsically motivated learners. MYP ATL skills reflect “dynamic, internally controlled . . . processes that positively influence a student’s tendency to approach, engage with, expend effort on, and persist in learning tasks in an ongoing, self directed manner” (McCombs, 1984).
Using the vocabulary of learning theory, ATL skills can be described as
- cognitive- learner-initiated use and practice of active information-processing and retrieval strategies
- affective (social and emotional)- self-management of mood, motivation, interpersonal relationships and attitudes toward learning
- metacognitive- awareness, understanding and control of personal learning processes.
ATL skills are informed by and support the development of the attributes of the IB learner profile.
MYP ATL skills framework
The MYP extends IB ATL skills categories into ten developmentally-appropriate clusters. From this framework GMHS has developed its own framework based on MYP subjects and units.
ATL skills are interconnected. Individual skills and skills clusters frequently overlap and may be relevant to more than one skill category.
Developing student responsibility for ATL
Some of the key questions to be answered by students with respect to ATL skills include:
- What are my present skills in this area and what evidence do I have of my development?
- What skills can I improve?
- What new skills can learn?
When specific ATL skills become an explicit focus for teaching and learning, students can begin to take responsibility for their own development. Over time, students can identify themselves and their competence in any learning strategy using terms like these:
- Novice/ beginning – students are introduced to the skill and can watch others performing it (observation)
- Learner/ developing – students copy others who use the skill and use the skill with scaffolding and guidance (emulation)
- Practitioner/ using – students employ the skill confidently and effectively (demonstration)
- Expert/ sharing – students can show others how to use the skill and accurately assess how effectively the skill is used (self-regulation)
A concept-based curriculum that uses ATL skills effectively enables all students to become stronger, more self-regulated learners.
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Information on these pages is from the MYP Subject Guides and the MYP Project Guide. International Baccalaureate Organization. 2014. Print.
