Safety Toolbox Talks

September 2002
1st week: #91 How to Lift
2nd week: #92 Lifting Properly
3rd week: #93 Look Before You Lift
4th week: #60 Let's Eliminate Falls
5th week: Traction and Footwear (See Doug Burd)

August 2002
1st week: #169 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
2nd week: #170 Chemical Facts
3rd week: #171 Acids, Bases, Alkali
4th week: #177 Hazard Placard (See Doug Burd)

July 2002
1st week: #79 Heat Stroke
2nd week: Lockout/Tagout (See Doug Burd)
3rd week: #49 Electrical Safety
4th week: #50 Electrical

June 2002
1st week: #61 The Dangerous Four and #88 Ladders
2nd week: #121 Scaffolding
3rd week: #101 Openings
4th week: #60 Let's Eliminate Falls
5th week: #103 OSHA - Most Violations

May 2002
1st week: Definition of Confined Spaces
2nd week: #40 The Silent Killer
3rd week: Confined Spaces
4th week: Permit Required - Confined Spaces - Copy of Permit (See Doug Burd)

April 2002
1st week: #81 Hoisting Safely
2nd week: Crane Hand Signals (Graphics - See Doug Burd for a copy.)
3rd week: Crane and Hoist Operations Safety Rules (Graphics - See Doug Burd for a copy.)
4th week: Heavy Equipment Safe Practices
5th week: Mowers/Tractors and Grass/Weed Trimmers

March 2002
1st week: #163 Thoughts to Start the Work Day
2nd week: #31 Defensive Driving
3rd week: #160 We Know Better
4th week: #7 Accept It - It's Yours

February 2002
1st week: #52 From Head to Foot
2nd week: #56 Last to Go and #55 Foresight Preserves Eyesight
3rd week: Hearing Protection
4th week: Respiratory Protection

September 2002
HOW TO LIFT
How many of you have been instructed on the proper method of listing? Recently a considerable number of construction workers have reported to First Aid with back strains - many of which were the result of improper lifting. Since there is a right way to do everything, let's make sure that each of you instructed as to the right way of lifting Back strain and hernia are likely to develop if we bend at the waist when we lean over to pick up a heavy or awkward object or piece of material. As we all know, such injuries are not only very painful, they often have serious and lasting consequences.

First, there's always the chance of something slipping and landing on your toes. Always make sure that they are protected by safety shoes. When lifting objects that have rough or sharp edges, make sure that you have a pair of good tough gloves. The safe way to lift, as you've heard dozens of times, is "bend the knees keep the back straight", This is necessary because, if you bend at your waist and lean over with your back horizontal, the load is too far from the center of balance. All the strain is on the lower back muscles, which aren't to take built to take it. The result can be sprained back or worse injury.

By "bending your knees" we don't mean to squat until you sit on your heels. You won't have any leg power to raise a load from that position. Your position at the start of the lift should be more of a crouch, so the power of your leg muscles can be off balance. We mean reasonably straight, so the back muscles won't be doing all the work. The most important rules to remember for safe lifting are these:
1. Wear gloves when handling rough equipment or material
2. Be sure of a good grip and good footing
3. Keep the load close to the body
4. See that your fingers and toes are in the clear
5. Bend your knees and use your leg muscles
6. Don't twist your body while lifting
7. Don't try to lift or carry a load that's beyond your physical ability - get help!

LIFTING PROPERLY
One out every four work injuries results from materials handling. But you say that's not a part of your job. The trouble is that many of those who are injured get hurt because the LIFT and PUSH and PULL when it's NOT a part of their job. So go easy on the heavy work. DON'T BUST IT - BUSTER!

Whether it's a part of your job or not, sooner or later you're going to lift something. So you many as well do it right.

First . . . look at what you're lifting. If the load has sharp edges, slivers, protruding nails or is slippery, you should know about it before you hold it in your hands. Find out how heavy it is.. Check the footing to be sure that the floor is clear. Now you're ready to lift. Bend your knees, keep your feet apart, get a good grip. Lift by straightening your legs with your back vertical, so that your strong leg muscles do all the work.

When you carry a load, watch where you're going. Don't skin your knuckles at doorways and tight places. Don't try to change the position of a load while you're carrying it. Set it down or rest it against some object, and then read just your grip. You set it down the way you picked it up - by bending your knees, with your back straight up and down, but don't set it on your hands. Put down one corner of the load first and then slide our hands away. That's the way to get it from there to here.

To lift a load shoulder high or above your head . . . first lift it waist high, rest it on a support and change your grip. Then bend your knees to get added power for the big push. Lots of objects, like lots of people, have, strange and assorted shapes. . . . Sacked materials should be grasped by diagonal corners and swung to the shoulder with a boost from the knee. . . . Drums or barrels should be rolled with your hands against the sides. Grasping the ends with your hands can mean crushed fingers - using your feet can mean crushed toes.

Take a long hard look at a load before you lift it. If it's too heavy or bulky, get someone to help you. It's quicker and easier and safer. Long objects, regardless of weight, should be carried by two or more persons when possible, walking in step. If you handle it alone, keep the front end as high as possible. Long objects can easily sway up and down or sideways, and it's not trick at all to smash someone's head or a window.

If you get help before you try to lift you will not need help afterward.

LOOK BEFORE YOU LIFT
Using spine-saving methods whenever there are things to be hoisted and handled. Before you bend down and give with the old heave-ho, ask yourself some questions: What kind of a load is it? How heavy? How awkward? Is it smart to get help? Can it be done with available mechanical equipment? Is it in a good position? Can I get close to it? Any protruding nails? Splinters? Oil? Grease? Moisture to make it slippery? Sharp edges? Do I need gloves or other protection? Where will I put the load? Is a spot cleared for it? Any stumbling blocks in my path? Can I walk with the load and see clearly where I'm going?

HERE'S HOW TO SPARE YOUR SPINE
1. Footing is as important in lifting as it is in the batter's box. Feet close to the object; far enough apart for good balance (about shoulder-width). One foot slightly ahead of the other seems best for many.
2. Bend knees, go down to a crouch, but not a full squat. It takes double the effort to straighten up from a full squat as it does from a crouch.
3. Keep back as straight as possible; don't arch it.
4. Get a good, firm grip; no lifting until your hold is strong and slip-proof.
5. Lift object by straightening your legs, keeping load close to you as you come up.
6. If you have to change direction, don't twist body. Lift object to carrying position, then your whole body by changing position of your feet.
7. In setting load down, go down with back straight, knees bent, to a crouch.

BEWARE WHEN YOU'VE BEEN AWAY
Even if you're a rugged, seasoned lifter, remember that muscles quickly get out of shape during vacation, or a spell of illness. Be doubly careful those first few days back on the job; ease into it gradually. A

ND REMEMBER
Whenever conveyors, hand and lift trucks, other mechanical-handling equipment can do the job, let it take the strain and spare your spine!

LET'S ELIMINATE FALLS
The only way to be safe from falls is to avoid falling. A simple and basic philosophy, but oh so true. The year 1988 evidenced 10,600 people dying as the result of accidents on the job. Of this number, 1,335, more than 12% died from falls. This figure is exceeded only by traffic fatalities as the greatest killer.

With particular reference to the construction industry, let's explore just a few of the factors contributing to falls and their serious results. Where do these accidents occur?

Stairways
Running - carry objects that block view of the steps - failure to use handrail - objects cluttering the stairway - inattention. To avoid these causes of falls, take time, look where you step and use the hand rail.

Ladders
Select a ladder that suits the job - be sure it is in good condition - place it securely. Face the ladder and hold on when going up and down; don't reach too far out when working. When using a step ladder, be sure it's long enough for you to stand on the second step below the top.

Scaffolds
Never erect a temporary scaffold. Even if a scaffold is to be used only a short time, it should be as solidly constructed as a permanent structure, with plenty of uprights uniformly spaced, horizontal bracing in both directions, railing and toe-boards to prevent falls of men and materials, and diagonal bracing to prevent sway.

Housekeeping
A secure footing is the prime requisite in avoiding falls, and good housekeeping is essential to secure footing. Carelessly strewn nails, accumulations of wood, trash, grease, oil, etc., lead to certain falls.

Floor Openings
Floor openings must be covered. The hold should be covered securely, with a cover big enough and rigid enough to prevent failure. It should be marked with a warning sign and every employee on the job should be warned about it.

Wall Openings
Wall opening must barricaded. These barricades should be strong enough to withstand 200 pounds force on the top rail with minimum defection. It wall barricades must be removed for any length of time, workers near the opening must be tied off.

These are but a few of the many hazards involving falls. Alertness and sure footedness is the greatest insurance against this particularly dangerous type of accident. Let's be alert!

August 2002
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETS (MSDS)

USING A MSDS
An MSDS provides information the manufacture of a chemical considers necessary for you, the worker, to determine what chemicals are in a product and what steps to take to protect yourself when using the product.

Although MSDS's from different sources may look very different, they all contain the same type of information. MSDS may look difficult and yes there is a lot of technical language and data but the information you need to identify, understand, and work safety with a chemical product is fairly easy to find.

MSDSs are divided into sections usually beginning with the chemical and common name of the product. Besides knowing what this product is called, it's important to know who makes it and where to reach the manufacturer. The manufacturer can answer questions about his product and help you if an emergency arises. You will usually find a phone number for the manufacturer in this section.

An important section to look for is usually called "Health Hazards" which tell you how dangerous the product can be, the type of danger is represents and what happens if you are overexposed to this product.

Equally important is the section that deals with "First Aid." This section will give you some basic steps to take if you or another person are affected by the chemicals in this product.

Another section deals with "Protective Equipment." Here specific recommendations for safety equipment and procedures are listed. This section tells you how to protect yourself from exposure when working with or near this product.

By taking the item to read the MSDS you have found some important basic information about the chemical(s) you work with including:
· What's it called
· What's in it
· What happens if the chemical affects you
· What first aid steps to take if exposure occurs
· And, how to protect yourself and work safely with the chemical.

Other sections of a MSDS will tell you what the chemical looks, smells and feels like; how to safely handle and store the chemical; what happens to the chemical in the event of a fire; and what if any exposure limits have been set or recommended for the chemical(s) or product.

More information on MSDS, chemical information references and chemical safety can be obtained by asking your supervisor.

Under the provision of the Hazard Communication Standard, you are free to review your company's HCS program, chemical inventory list and copies of MSDSs for chemicals you are working with.

CHEMICAL FACTS
How Chemicals Enter Your Body

In order for a chemical to have an affect on you, you have to come in contact with a chemical in its solid, liquid or gas form.

There are four "routes of entry" or paths a chemical can take.

Breathing (inhalation)
Chemicals can enter through your lungs as you breath the air around you, some chemicals can irritate your lungs, nose and throat, like ammonia. Others can be absorbed into your blood, traveling to and affecting the organs in your body. Prolonged exposure to Hazardous Substances like asbestos and other solid fiber materials can causes serious health problems. Dusts and fibers can become trapped in your lungs causing irritation, scarring and damage.

Regardless of the type of chemical you work with, your first line of defense against breathing in hazardous chemicals is to use an approved respirator.

Through Your Skin (absorption)
Although the skin is a very effective barrier to most chemicals, it can be penetrated. Damaged to the skin from cuts, scrapes, cracking, dryness or other conditions can allow a chemical to enter into the body. Some chemicals can damage the skin on contact and others pass through the skin and into your bloodstream. A group of chemical solvents such as toluene, gasoline and mineral spirits are absorbed easily through your skin. Some pesticides like parathion can easily pass through the skin, a building up to poisonous levels in the body.

There are two easy steps which will prevent absorption - wearing gloves that are chemical resistant and washing off any chemical that contacts the skin as soon as possible. When you're washing, make sure you use a product designed for washing skin and not product like paint thinner, turpentine and benzene.

Swallowing (ingestion)
A chemical can enter into your body if you accidentally swallow it or if your food or drink become contaminated. Simply by not washing your hands before you eat after working with chemicals or eating, smoking or drinking in an area where chemicals are in use could lead to trouble.

Injection
Like the shot you get from your doctor when you're ill, chemicals can be accidentally injected into you're body. If you work around high pressure equipment of any kind like compressed air, grease guns, or hydraulic lines, the potential exists for this kind of accident. Be extra cautious around any kind of pressurized spray equipment or high pressure lines and never use compressed air to clean off your hands, arms or clothing.

ACIDS, BASES, ALKALI
Acids and Base (Caustics) can easily damage skin and eyes. How serious the damage is depends on how strong the chemical is, how long contact is maintained and what actions you take.

Acids, and bases can be liquids, solid granules, powders, vapors or gases. A few commonly used acids include: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, muriatic acid and nitric acid. Some common bases (caustics) are lye (sodium hydroxide) and potash (potassium Hydroxide).

Both acids and bases can be corrosive, causing damage to whatever they come in contact with. The more concentrated the chemical the more dangerous it can be. Vinegar is a mild form of acetic acid, and as such it can be swallowed or rubbed into the skin with no damage, but a concentrated solution of acetic acid can cause serious burns.

Different acids react differently when they contact your skin. Sulfuric acid mixes with water to produce heat; when it contacts your skin reacts with moisture causing burns. Hydrofluoric acid may not even be noticed if it spills on your skin but hours later as acid absorbed into the muscle tissue, it can cause deep burns that are very painful. Most acids in a gas or vapor form when you breathe them in react with the moisture in your nose and throat causing irritation damage. Acetic and nitric acids don't react with water so when these vapors are breathed in they quickly penetrate into the lungs causing serious damage.

Bases as a class of chemicals feel slippery or soapy, in fact, soap is made from a mixture of a base (Lye) and animal fat. Concentrated bases dissolve tissue easily and therefore can cause severe skin damage on contact. Concentrated caustic gases like ammonia vapors can damage the skin, eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. Even dry powder forms of bases can damage you when you breathe them in because they react with the moisture in your skin, eyes and respiratory tract.

Cement and mortar are alkali compounds in their wet or dry form. As dust and powder they can cause damage to skin and eyes when they react with moisture in your body. Concrete and mortar can also sensitive to them. These compounds are abrasive and can damage your skin by the sandpaper-like quality they possess.

Always follow these rules when working with acids and bases:
· Know what chemicals you are working with and how strong (concentrated) they are.
· Use Personnel Protective Equipment as required.
· In case of skin or eye contact, flush with cool water for at least 15 minutes but do not rub the skin or eyes.
· Always add acid to water to prevent splatter.
· Keep acids and bases apart, store separately and clean up spills promptly.
· Check with your supervisor if you need more information.

July 2002
HEAT STROKES, HEAT EXHAUSTION: WOULD YOU KNOW WHAT TO DO?
It's time again for all contractors and subcontractors to familiarize themselves with the symptoms and treatment for those hot weather dangers: hat strokes and heat exhaustion.

Any time the temperature ruses above 90 degrees, the danger exists that persons exposed to the direct sun may be affected with heat exhaustion or heat stroke. It is important that you - and your foremen - know the symptoms and emergency treatment of these two different types of illness.

HEAT STROKE
The symptoms of heat stroke often appear quite suddenly and are characterized by collapse, delirium or coma. Certain characteristics include diminished sweating; dry, hot skin and flushed face; rapid pulse; headaches, dizziness and irritability, nausea and vomiting; an extra high body temperature ranging from 105 to 110 degrees; and an extremely rapid pulse.

The heat stroke victim should be taken to a hospital or doctor immediately. Attempts also should be made to lower the body temperature. This can be done by removing all the patient's clothes except for shorts and sprinkling his entire body with water. A fine spray of water evaporates more rapidly and produces a better cooling effect.

During transportation, windows should be left open so that air passing over the patient's body will evaporate the water.

The patient's arms, legs and trunk should be rubbed briskly to increase circulation to the skin. If ice is available, and ice bag or towel wring out in ice water should be applied to the head.

HEAT EXHAUSTION
The symptoms of the slightly less serious heat exhaustion are different from heat stroke in that the patient's skin normally is cold, clammy and covered with perspiration instead of hot and dry. The face is pale; other symptoms include a headache, loss of appetite, drowsiness, cramps of the limbs and abdominal muscles, faintness or unconsciousness. The pupils of the eyes sometimes are dilated.

To treat heat exhaustion, move the patient to a cool place where he may rest and keep him lying down with head level low. If you have salt available, give him small amounts mixed the water. It's not a bad idea to send the patient to the doctor for a checkup after rests a few moments.

ELECTRICAL SAFETY
With electricity we are dealing with something that cannot be seen and is still the most useful power controlled by man. It is useful but can be a very destructive power to both man and material if the proper precautions are not taken. The danger is always there and we must know what means of protection can be used to eliminate the hazards.

Portable Power Tools
In construction portable power tools with defective wiring cause many injuries. The following safe practices are recommended:
1. Use tools with three wire plug and make sure connections are tight
2. Check tool, equipment and cables frequently for safe condition
3. Disconnect tool before making adjustments or repairs
4. When using power tools in a wet area, use caution. The shock hazard is increased.

Temporary Electrical Installations
Only skilled electricians should be allowed to perform any kind of electrical work. Foremen have the responsibility of making certain that electricians are provided with and use the proper protective equipment. The following are safety suggestions for installation and use of temporary electrical systems:
1. Do not overload circuits
2. Use proper size wire for amps to be carried and also for grounding
3. All circuits must be fused or circuit breakers installed to give adequate protection
4. All circuits must be properly grounded
5. Wire must be protected from vehicle traffic
6. Temporary wiring must not be hung over nail, re-bar or other metal objects
7. Periodic inspections should be made of all temporary electrical systems to ensure they are in a safe condition
8. If a circuit is de-energized for any reason, tag and or lock it "out of service" until it can be safely returned to service

Know the hazards of electricity. It will help prevent injuries or even death!

ELECTRICAL
The following regulations apply only to electrical installation used on the jobsite, both temporary and permanent.
1. Extension cords used with portable electrical tools and appliances shall be of three-wire types. Grounds are never to be removed from the extension cords.
2. Temporary lights shall be equipped with guards to prevent accidental contact with the bulb. Guards are not required when the reflector is constructed in such a way that the bulb is deeply recessed.
3. Temporary lights shall not be suspended by their electric cords unless cords and lights are designed for this means of suspension.
4. Splices are not permitted.
5. Electrical and extension cords or cables are not to be laid on floors, in walkways, etc., unless it is impractical to do otherwise. They should be suspended or secured in such a way as not to block or hang in walkways, doorways or work areas.
6. Panel boxes shall have a cover on them at all times, except when being serviced and when a temporary cover is in place it should be marked "HOT" to denote live current.
7. Explain to the employees which ground fault system your company has in effect, either GROUND FAULT CIRCUIT INTERRUPTERS OR ASSURED EQUIPMENT GROUNDING CONDUCTOR PROGRAM.

June 2002
THE DANGEROUS FOUR
Falls - Falls disable 400,000 workers a year. If every 100 workers hurts, 20 fall down. Almost as many happen on the level as from elevated places. If you are on the level, you should:
1. Watch out for slippery spots such as oil, grease or water spills.
2. Use aisles. Don't take shortcuts through storage and machinery areas.
3. Look out for objects on the floor that can roll, slide or trip you up.

If you are higher up:
1. Don't run on stairs. Use the handrail.
2. Inspect safety harnesses and lines before using them.
3. Never jump from work stages, trucks, or loading docks.
4. Use ladders the right way.

LADDER SENSE
1. Inspect a ladder for cracks and loose rungs.
2. Choose a ladder long enough so you can stay off the top rungs
3. Climb with both hand holding the rungs.
4. Don't overreach. Be sure of our balance by keeping your belt buckle between the rails.
5. A ladder should have safety feet. Use a board on soft earth or to level the feet.
6. The 4 to 1 rule: Set the ladder one foot out for every four feet up to the point of support. Rungs are one foot apart so it's easy to figure the angle.

Weak Spots: Inattention is the week spot in the defense against falls . . . . Watch where you are going!

LADDERS
General requirements - the use of ladders with broken or missed rungs, broken or split side rails, or other faulty or defective construction is prohibited.

Portable ladder feet shall be placed on a substantial base, and the area around the top and bottom of the ladder shall be kept clear.

Ladders shall not be used in a horizontal position as platforms, runaways or scaffolds. JOB MADE LADDERS Ladders shall not be placed in passageways, doorways, driveways or any location where they may be displaced by activities be conducted on any other work, unless protected by barricades or guards.

The side rails of ladders shall extend not less than thirty-six inches above the landing. When this is not practical, grab rails, which provide a secure grip for an employee moving to or from the pint of access, shall be installed.

Portable ladders shall be tied, blocked or other wise secured to prevent movement.

Portable metal ladders shall not be used for electrical work.

A double cleated ladder shall not exceed twenty-four feet in length.

A single cleated ladder shall not exceed thirty feet in length and be at least fifteen inches wide but no more than twenty inches between rails at the tope.

All ladders shall extend thirty-six inches above the landing.

STEEL SCAFFOLDING SAFETY RULES
Following are some common senses rules designed to promote safety in the use of steel scaffolding. These rules are illustrative and suggestive only and are intended to deal only with some of the many practices and conditions encountered in the use of scaffolding. The rules do not purport to be all inclusive or to supplant or replace other additional safety and precautionary measures to cover usual or unusual conditions.

1. POST THESE SCAFFOLDING SAFETY RULES in a conspicuous place and be sure that all persons who erect, dismantle or use scaffolding are aware of them.
2. FOLLOW LOCAL CODES, ORDINANCE and regulations pertaining to scaffolding.
3. INSPECT ALL EQUIPMENT BEFORE USING - Never use any equipment that is damaged or deteriorated in any way.
4. KEEP ALL EQUIPMENT IN GOOD REPAIR. Avoid using rusted equipment - the strength of rusted equipment is not known.
5. INSPECT ERECTED SCAFFOLDS REGULARLY to be sure that they are maintained in safe condition.
6. CONSULT YOUR SCAFFOLDING SUPPLIER WHEN ID DOUBT - scaffolding is his business. NEVER TAKE CHANCES
7. PROVIDE ADEQUATE SILLS for scaffold posts and use base plates.
8. USE ADJUSTING SCREWS instead of blocking to adjust to uneven grade conditions.
9. PLUMB AND LEVEL ALL SCAFFOLDS as the erection proceeds. Do not force braces to fit - level the scaffold until proper fit can be made easily.
10. FASTEN ALL BRACES SECURELY.
11. DO NOT CLIMB CROSS BRACES.
12. ON WALL SCAFFOLDS PLACE AND MAINTAIN ANCHORS securely between structure and scaffold at least every 30' of length and 25' of height.
13. FREE STANDING SCAFFOLD TOWERS MUST BE RESTRAINED FROM TIPPING by guying or other means.
14. EQUIP ALL PLANKED OR STAGED AREAS with proper guard rails and add toe boards when required.
15. POWER LINES NEAR SCAFFOLDS are dangerous - use caution and consult the power service company for advice.
16. DO NOT USE ladders or makeshift devices on top of scaffolds to increase the height.
17. DO NOT OVERLOAD SCAFFOLDS.
18. PLANKING: a. Use only lumber that is properly inspected and graded as scaffold plank.
b. Planking shall have at least 12" of overlap and extend 6" beyond center of support or be cleated at both ends to prevent sliding off supports.
c. Do not allow unsupported ends of plank to extend an unsafe distance beyond supports.
d. Secure plank to scaffold when necessary.

PLYWOOD COVERS ON FLOOR OPENINGS
Safety covering a floor opening with a piece of plywood requires more than just laying the material over the hole, or even nailing it down.

Total safety on the job means a total job of eliminating a hazard. Half a job . . . inadequate or incomplete jobs of covering hole hazards can result only in half, inadequate, or incomplete accident prevention.

A recent accident illustrates the pint. A carpenter on a floor above called down to a laborer walked over to a sheet lying on the floor, picked it up, took a step or two forward in the act of standing the plywood up, and he went sailing right down through a hole in the floor. Why did it happen?

Although originally nailed down with concrete nails, a small piece of plywood over the hole wasn't large enough to overlap it adequately. Traffic over it, springing the plywood, loosened the nails.

The plywood over the hole wasn't marked in any way. There was no warning of any kind on it. The man mistook it for a piece of loose material laying on the floor.

The man wasn't told about it. He wasn't made aware of the fact that covering of floor openings was a job procedure calculated to prevent accidents. Nor was he told that he must maintain and report such danger spots.

Anything less than total safety is no safety at all. The total safety attitude must be kept in mind when floor opening are being covered:
1. The hole should be covered securely, with a cover big enough and rigid enough to prevent failure.
2. It should be marked with a danger warning.
3. Every employee on the job should be warned about it.

LET'S ELIMINATE FALLS
The only way to be safe from falls is to avoid falling. A simple and basic philosophy, but oh so true.

The year 1988 evidenced 10,600 people dying as the result of accidents on the job. Of this number, 1,335, more than 12% died from falls, This figure is exceeded only by traffic fatalities as the greatest killer.

With particular reference to the construction industry, let's explore just a few of the factors contributing to falls and their serious results. Where do these accidents occur?

These are but a few of the many hazards involving falls. Alertness and sure footedness is the greatest insurance against this particularly dangerous type of accident. Let's be alert!

CONSTRUCTION OSHA STANDARDS MOST VIOLATED
A recent release shows the most violated OSHA Construction Standards which points out to you that these are the ones to look out for and abide by:

CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS: part 1926, Title 29, Code of Federal Regulations
1926.500 (d) (1) Guarding open-sided floors, platforms and runways
25 (a) Housekeeping
500 (e) (1) Stairway railings and guards
500 (b) (1) Guarding floor openings
350 (a) (9) Storing of compressed gas cylinders
150 (c) (1) Portable fire fighting equipment
100 (a) Wear of protective helmets
451 (a) (4) Guardrails and toe boards on scaffolds
450 (a) (9) Height of ladders above landings
450 (a) (10) Securing portable ladders
302 (a) (1) Grounding of portable and/or plug-connected equipment
400 (a) National Electrical Code
152 (a) (1) Use of approved containers for flammable, combustible liquids
405 (a)(2)(ii) (E) Guarding temporary lights
500 (b) (8) Guarding or covering floor holes
500 (c) (l) Guarding wall openings
652 (h) Exit from trenches
450 (a) (2) Defective portable ladders
652 (b) Shoring, sloping, sheeting or bracing trenches
28 (a) Wear of personal protective equipment
451 (d) (10) Specifications for guardrails and toe boards on scaffolds
350 (a) (1) Securing valve protection caps on compressed gas cylinders
651 (i) (1) Storing or retraining material at excavations
450 (b) (12) Cleat on job-made ladders
304 9f) Requirements for woodworking tools and machinery

May 2002
DEFINITIONS
Confined Space
1- Is not designed for continuous employee occupancy
2- The space is large enough, or so configured that an employee can bodily enter and perform work
3- Has limited or restricted means for entry or exit

Permit- Required Confined Space
1- Contains or has potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere
2- Contains a material that has the potential for engulfing entrant
3- Area has an internal configuration such that an entrant could be trapped or asphyxiated by inward conversing walls, or a floor which slopes downward and tapers to a smaller cross-section
4- Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazard

Alternate Procedure
1- If the only hazard is a hazardous atmosphere
2- That continuous force air ventilation corrects the hazardous atmosphere
3- That sampled documented data supports the atmosphere is safe
4- Employees use continuous air sampling equipment
5- Previous work entries indicate that permit entry policies, practices and procedures were adequate in providing a safe working environment

THE SILENT KILLER
Most of us know that carbon monoxide gas (CO) is present in engine exhaust, and we have enough sense not to let an engine run in a closed garage. But safety experts have suspected for years that carbon monoxide contributes to many more vehicle accidents that we're able to prove. This insidious gas is colorless, odorless, tasteless and non-irritating. It can kill without ever being detected by the senses. When you smell exhaust fumes, you aren't smelling the carbon monoxide - you're smelling unburned hydrocarbons.

Here are some points to help you keep the silent killer from making you one of its victims:
1. Be sure all parts of the manifold, exhaust pipe and muffler are sealed against leaks.
2. Keep your engine properly tuned so that combustion will be as complete as possible.
3. Before starting your engine, open the garage doors wide or, if you have an exhaust venting system, be sure it's operating.
4. Never crawl under your vehicle while the engine is running. (There are many other good reasons for this.)
5. Never drive without a fresh air supply coming into your vehicle.
6. Avoid following other vehicles too closely, their exhaust contain carbon monoxide that can be drawn into your vehicle. 7. If you feel a little sleepy while driving, or feel a tightness across your forehead, or get a headache, or your temples start throbbing, you may be inhaling some carbon monoxide. Other signs while driving at night are that the oncoming lights seem brighter and more glaring than usual and you're slower in recovering your vision from the glare, or that the darkness seems blacker than usual. If you notice any of these signs, stop at once, get out and walk about in the open air, and the drive the windows open.

Carbon monoxide can slow down your brain and your reflexes, dim your vision and lead you into an accident. During the cooler months we're more apt to drive with all the windows closed. Always have some fresh air coming in. The oxygen in fresh air is what you need more than anything else to offset the carbon monoxide.

Most people don't realize how little carbon monoxide it takes to be poisonous to the human body. Only 50 parts of CO per million parts of air, by volume, is considered dangerous. And there have been cases where that much of the deadly gas has been found in underpasses on city street.

Carbon monoxide doesn't suffocate you, it kills you by chemical action. It's an asphyxiate. It combines directly with the blood in your body so the blood can't carry oxygen to the tissues. In a sense, you die from oxygen starvation. So, if you have carbon monoxide, get some fresh air or pure oxygen as fast as you can.

CONFINED SPACE
OSHA defines a confined space as a space that is large enough for an employee to enter or break the plane of entry, has restricted means of exit or entry, has unfavorable natural ventilation and is not designed for continuous employee occupancy.

Examples of confined spaces include, but are not limited to:
*digester
*manholes
*sewers
*silos
*tanks
*tunnels
*trenches
*vaults

Agencies shall identify all confined spaces and maintain a confined space entry policy and procedure.

Do not enter a confined space or break the plane of entry with any part of your body if you are not trained in and have fully implemented the confined space entry procedure.

Entry into confined space can be extremely dangerous. Possible hazards can include:
*oxygen deficiency
*fire, explosion hazards
*exposure to dangerous vapors and toxic gases
*physical hazards

OSHA estimates that almost 66% of the deaths in confined spaces each year result from people attempting rescue.

All personnel involved in or having responsibility for entry into confined spaces must be thoroughly familiar with permit entry and rescue procedures. Detailed agency or university procedures are issued in a separate document. Regulations governing entry into confined spaces are specified by OSHA 29CFR, 1910.146. (North Carolina State Employees' Safety & Health Handbook - Rev. 3/99)

April 2002
HOISTING SAFELY
Hoisting if done improperly can present hazards to the operator and other workers in the vicinity. But, if proper precautions and techniques for operation, inspection, maintenance, and repair are followed, the risks can be reduced.

Using hoist safely can be broken down into several areas the most important being SAFE OPERATION.

Operators of hoist should be told to:
· Know and do not exceed the safe load limit of the hoist equipment
· Check controls to see that the proper reaction results from the operation of a certain control
· Check pendant control cable for cuts, kinking, or signs of wear
· Visually check hoist cables for fraying, kinking, crushing, and twisting of the cables between the cable and the drum
· Look at the host drum for proper cable alignment, stacking of the cable on the drum, and cable alignment in the drum guides
· Visually inspect the hook for cracks, bending, or distortion, and the safety latch for proper operation
· Not operate the hoist if not physically fit
· Not attempt to lengthen or repair the load chain
· Read and follow manufacturer's instructions and all instructions and warnings on the hoist
· Position the hoist directly over the load
· Avoid swinging of load or hook when traveling the hoist
· Pull in a straight line so that neither hoist body nor load chain or rope are angled around anything
· After the hook is placed in the lifting ring, apply slight pressure to the hoist to ensure that lifting ring is seated in the bottom of the hook and that the hook is properly aligned
· Between lift's check to see that the rope properly reeved on the drum
· Attached sufficient guide ropes to control the unit being moved
· Check the intended movement path to see that it is clear of people and obstructions and to see if the intended destination is ready to receive the load
· Not tamper with any part of the hoist
· Check brakes for excessive drift · Be sure there is proper clearance for movement
· Get positioned on the pendant side of the hoist to get maximum clearance from the load and to prevent entanglement of cables
· Avoid sudden starts, stops, or reverses to avoid shock loading
· Raise the load only high enough to avoid obstructions
· Not hoist loads over workers - wait until area is vacated
· Not permit the operator or guide rope handlers to become distracted
· Be alert for any variation of hoist operation and any possible malfunction
· Not leave a load suspended in the air - if a short delay is unavoidable, lock the controls
· Not allow unqualified personnel to operate hoist
· Never carry anyone on the hook or load
· Not operate Hoist to extreme limits of chain or rope
· Avoid sharp contract between two hoist, between host and end post, and between hooks and hoist body
· Never use the host rope or chain as a sling
· Not use chain or rope as ground for welding nor touch a live welding electrode to the chain or rope

HEAVY EQUIPMENT SAFE PRACTICES
The primary sources of injury to operators and other personnel working around heavy equipment are:
1. Repairing and servicing equipment in dangerous positions.
2. Striking individuals or other vehicles with the equipment, particularly its blade.
3. Unexpected violent tipping of the equipment.
4. Uncontrolled traffic within or through the work area.
5. Unexpected violent shocks or jars to the machine.
6. Sudden movement of a power unit while it is being attached to earth moving equipment.
7. Limbs of trees or overhead obstructions
8. Leaving earth moving or other equipment in dangerous positions while unattended.
9. Failure of lifting mechanisms.

General Operating Precautions:
1. Machines should be maintained in good working order. All vital parts such as motors, chassis, blades, bladeholders, tracks, drives, hydraulic and pneumatic mechanisms, and transmissions should be thoroughly inspected each day.
2. Before starting a job, the operator should be given instructions regarding the work to be done.
3. Before using the starting motor, the operator should check to make sure that all operating controls are in the neutral position.
4. Machines should be operated at speeds and in a manner consistent with conditions on the particular job.
5. At no time should a piece of equipment be left unattended while the motor is running, especially if the machine is on an inclined surface or on loose material.
6. If possible, equipment should be driven entirely off the road at night. When any portion of the machine projects into the road, it should be adequately marked with red lights or flares. Red flags should be used in daytime.
7. Personnel should stop motors and refrain from smoking during refueling operations.
8. The operator should keep deck plates or steps on equipment free from grease, oil, ice and mud. Corded soles shoes are recommended.
9. Employees, other than operator, should not ride on equipment.
10. Operators should not wear loose clothing, which can get caught in moving parts of equipment.

Mowers/Tractors
Rule #1 - Read the safety and operating instructions.

The operator is responsible for keeping everyone, especially children and pets, away from the area of operation. The operator is responsible for hazard exposure and accidents involving other people. Keep people out of the safety zone, about 30' in the direction of discharge.

Thoroughly inspect area where mower will be used and remove sticks, stones, wire, and debris that could be picked up and thrown by the mower. There have been objects found 100 feet from a mower.

Wear long pants and substantial shoes. Do not operate mowers while wearing open toed shoes, jewelry, loose clothing, or barefoot.

Check fuel level before staring engine. Fuel is highly flammable, handle it with proper respect.
* Only use approved and labeled metal safety can fuel containers
* Fill fuel tank only outdoors. NEVER ADD FUEL TO AN ENGINE THAT IS RUNNING OR HOT.
* Install gas cap on containers and gas tank, wipe up any spilled gas before restarting.
* DO NOT SMOKE WHILE REFUELING. It may be your last.

Keep all guards, shields and safety devices in place and in good operational order. Check all safety devices before each use.

Engine, blade, and drives are designed to stop when controls are released. Ensure controls and brakes are working properly, never by pass or disable safety controls.

Before every use, always visually inspect to see that blades, fasteners, cutter, etc. are all in good condition. Replace worn or damaged parts before use.

Power push mowers - Use extreme caution when pulling this type mower back towards your body. Most accidents with these mowers are from people falling down and pulling the mower over their lower body.

Safe equipment operation requires your full attention, do not use radio or music headphones while operating machine.

Wear Appropriate Clothing:
Wear clothing that fits, and does not hang loose so it could get caught.
Wear proper Personnel Protective Equipment (PPE) - eyewear, ear protection, shoes, gloves

Servicing:
Service only those items that you have been trained in proper repair procedures. If you are not sure, take the unit to a qualified service professional.

Transporting:
Drive tractor forward onto a trailer. Lock parking brake.
Fasten tractor to trailer with heavy-duty straps, chains, or cables. All items on the trailer must be securely tied down. Trailers must have signs and lights required by law.

Grass/Weed Trimmers and Blowers
Brush cutters Rule #1 - Before operating a unit you must read and understand the unit instructions.

There is a great risk of eye loss from thrown objects. Always wear eye protection, glasses and goggles, as needed.

You must wear ear protection whenever using this kind of equipment. Radio headphones are not ear protection. Do not listen to radio or music when using this equipment, it can distract you from your primary task.

Wear proper clothing to protect feet, legs, and other exposed parts of the body. Also wear dust masks to filter out pollen and other irritants.

Do not wear open-toed shoes or be barefoot or barelegged. Do not wear loose or dangling clothing, or jewelry which could get caught in the unit or in the underbrush.

Keep people out of the danger zone. This is a circle about 36 feet in radius around the unit. There have been items thrown 60 feet.

Keep blades clear of fences, wires, posts, rocks, etc. to prevent kick out and blade damage.

Adjust the handle(s) to a position for comfort and good balance.

Do not operate the unit where it could contact electrical wires, or any power lines. The cutting wire or blade can cut through the insulation around electrical wires. This could give the operator an electrical shock.

Handle flammable fuel with care. NEVER REFUEL WHILE THE ENGINE IS RUNNING OR HOT.

Do not store the unit with fuel in the tank, because a fuel leak could start a fire.

Never operate the unit without the proper shields and other protective devices in place.

Do not crank the engine while the unit is harnessed to you or otherwise suspended above the ground.

Always keep both hands on the control handles. Do not operate one-handed. Do not hold material you are cutting.

Do not raise the line or blade above your knees. Your unit is not a pruner, hedge trimmer, or chain saw and should not be substituted for these tools.

Keep the unit and attachments in good working condition. Tighten fastening parts at regular intervals. Check the cutting head assembly before each use. Never disconnect or disable safety switches.

Shut down the unit immediately if the unit starts to shake or vibrate. This could be a sign of danger from a broken part or missing fasteners.

Make sure you have firm footing and that your body is in good balance. Many injuries with this kind of equipment occur because people lose their footing or their balance.

March 2002
THOUGHTS TO START THE WORK DAY
Do you realize how important your safety is to you and to your family? Are you "on the alert" every minute of the day . . . to the dangers of using unsafe procedures? Many safe procedures have been designed to protect you on the job. These safe procedures are vital to you . . for you are up against a tough enemy who has an arsenal of missiles to launch against one of your most vulnerable targets . . . your hands. SAFE PROCEDURES PROTECT HANDS against injury's missiles, such as sharp edges . . . improperly conditioned hand tools, improperly handled material and other pinch points.

Be on guard every minute of the day. Failure to observe just one safe procedure . . . just one time . . . can cause injury to those vulnerable "tools" . . . YOUR HANDS.

If you have learned the safety know-how of your job and learned it well it will be easy for you to catch anything some other fellow does that isn't as safe as it should be. If you see it and don't say anything and he gets hurt, aren't you partly to blame? Think it over.

Keeping an eye out for the other fellow's safety can help you too . . . a lot, sometimes. We all make mistakes. We slip up once in a while. After all, we're only human. But if each of us is keeping the other fellow's safety in mind, and he is doing the same for us, he's likely to catch our slips or at least the serious ones. You help him, he helps you. One hand washes the other. Believe me, it pays.

How are you fixed for safety? . . . Have you enough left to last until the next hazard comes along? Be sure before you answer. Buying safety is pretty much the same process as buying anything. Most employee buy it. Some buy more than others. Big buyers, naturally, are less likely to be injured on the job. They are also less likely to injure someone else. The question isn't always how much safety does an employee WANT, but rather, how much safety does he NEED . . . How are you fixed for safety?

DEFENSIVE DRIVING
While a good offense may be the best defense in football, this doesn't hold true in driving. A professional driver is a top defensive driver! He seems to have eyes (or mirrors) in the back of his head!! He stays out of the other fellow's way.

The Professional Driver:
1. Knows and obeys the company rules for the operation of his vehicle.
2. Knows and obeys the traffic rules and regulations applicable to the area in which he is driving.
3. Is aware of the traffic situations far ahead on both sides and to the rear of his vehicle.
4. Is constantly alert to illegal acts and errors of others.
5. Is willing to yield the right-of-way to prevent accidents and does not tail-gate.
6. He is particularly cautious approaching intersections. He lessens the odds of an accident by taking his foot off the gas and putting it on the brake to shorten his reaction time for stopping.
7. Knows and adjusts his driving to the special hazards of: (a) pedestrians (b) the road (c) weather (d) traffic (e) degree of light and (f) the added dangers brought on by his own emotions such as anger and worry.
8. Requires an ATTITUDE of confidence that he can drive without ever having an accident. He is POSITIVE about accident prevention.
9. He drives as though every child in the street is his own and every motorist is a dear relative or friend. He know the secret of safe driving: DO IT THE SAFE WAY EVERY TIME.

WE KNOW BETTER
Most of us have the necessary knowledge and experience to do our jobs and most of don't want to hurt ourselves or others.

Why, then, do we often ignore our good friend "common sense" and set ourselves or others up for an accidental injury? 1. Carbon monoxide can ill - but we sometimes work in a closed garage with our automobile engine running!

2. A bump on the head hurts - but we don't think about that for a minute when we walk under an overhead load!

3. A circular saw can cut off a finger - but we go right ahead and operate a saw without a guard!

4. There is a safe way to climb a ladder, which we use here at work - but we take a chance and fall from a ladder while painting our house!

5. Excessive speed in an automobile may cause an accident - but we try it anyhow and wrap the family car around a tree!

6. Radioactive fallout is dangerous - but we think nothing about leaving household poisons around where kids can get at them!

7. It is dangerous for children to run out in front of cars - but we drag them across the street on the red light!

8. It is important for teenagers to learn safe driving habits - but we violate a traffic law with our teenage son or daughter right in the car with us!

9. A loose board on a stairway can trip someone - but we don't bother to report it!

10. Grease and oil spills can cause a nasty fall - but we "forget" that we should cover these spills with oil absorbent material!

11. Tools and parts can become falling objects or we can trip over them - but we fail to put them back where they belong!

12. We know an unsafe condition when we see one - but we pay no attention to material or trucks in the aisles!

13. We know an unsafe act when we see one - but we oil, adjust, or try to fix a machine without even bothering to stop it!

14. We shouldn't take a chance when operating equipment - but we drive a forklift truck with the load carried high and try to turn a corner while going too fast!

15. We can't fool safety devices - be we remove or fasten a machine guard so it won't give us the protection we need!

16. It is dangerous for us to block fire-fighting equipment - but we pile boxes and cartons in front of fire extinguishers and store material right up to the underside of sprinklers.

17. We should wear protective equipment - but we wear our goggles around our neck and leave our hard hat in our locker, our car, or on the shelf while at work.

18. Horseplay causes a lot of injuries - but we blast Gus with an air hose just for the heck of it.

I realize that we all know better and I'm sure that most of you aren't guilty of doing the many things that I have covered. But you'll have to admit that some of these things are a possibility, even for each of us with all our knowledge of the safe way of doing things.

Yes, we know better! But, since knowing is only half the job, we must act on our knowledge to be safe.

ACCEPT IT - IT'S YOURS
Accident prevention is the responsibility of everyone. You've heard that statement probably more times that you can remember. But it is a fact.

Safety responsibility has to be the responsibility of each and every on of us. No one man ore department can constantly watch, guide or instruct every operation that is going on throughout a company each day.

Top management is vitally concerned with your safety. So are your department heads, the safety supervisors and foreman. However, these people can't be with you every minute on every job, and you have to accept you own responsibility for safety.

It's not such an overwhelming task. You should know how to do you job safely. The training that you have received, the departmental work procedures, the safety rule book and the use of everyday common sense will prevent you from being involved in an accident.

Don't be ashamed to ask questions about a job assigned to you. A workman trying to bluff his way through a job he doesn't understand is just asking for trouble. Even if you think you know the correct procedures, a review may bring out an important phase of the job that has slipped you mind. At the same time, your questions and the answers you get may be helping a new or less experienced man on the job who is too bashful to ask questions.

But your responsibility for accident prevention doesn't stop with the job. At home, behind the wheel, at play, you've got to keep your safety guard up. Not just for your own safety of others as well.

Face your safety responsibility as you do the other obligations that make you your daily life and each day will be completed without untimely accident or injury

February 2002
FROM HEAD TO FOOT
Business reviews would indicate that today, the American male is spending more for clothing than anytime in history. This is in accordance with American standards, and to deny the advantages of being meticulous in dress would be an insult to manhood. And yet, we take so much pride in the social aspect of our dress - what about the really important angle? What about the manner in which we dress for work with safety in mind?

1. Are we meticulous in the protection of our skull, the important guardian of our brain center, through the wearing of a hard hat?
2. What about eyes, our most important sense? Do we have them examined periodically . . . if necessary, do we use our glasses when reading . . . and above all, do we cover them with safety goggles when the occasion demands?
3. The shirt, an important piece of apparel. If we operate, or are engaged around moving machinery and equipment, do we wear short sleeves shirts, or have straight cuffs? The same goes for jackets. Never wear a loose fitting jacket, keep it buttoned or zippered shut at least chest high.
4. Our hands are very vulnerable part of our body. If our work calls for it, do we wear gloves? Also, remember, worn or tattered gloves are more dangerous than no gloves at all.
5. Wearing overalls or pants with cuffed or rolled up legs is a poor practice. If the legs are too long have them cut off and hemmed. Straight legs reduce the self-tripping hazard.
6. How about shoes; they don't have to shine with a brilliant luster, but they must be practical. A safe working shoe has a thick sole; thin sole shoes can result in serious foot punctures. To protect against toe injuries, steel capped shoes are most practical. Shoe laces should not be too long.
7. Accessories . . . fine for social life, but are dangerous as a part of our working attire. Never wear loose watch chains, straps, keys on belts, etc., or any item that might hook on something and place you in a hazardous position. Rings, wristlets and wrist watches belong at home and not on the job.

REMEMBER TO DRESS PROPERLY FOR THE JOB YOU'RE DOING

LAST TO GO
Man is gifted with a number of abilities. Some of them are known as senses. Man is able to see, hear, smell, feel or touch, and he can taste. These are the well-known five senses. Sometimes we talk of a sixth sense . . . that of perception or intuition. Some people have a remarkable sense of perception or uncanny intuition. In some people, one of the senses is more highly developed than the others. For example, a handicapped person very often overdevelops one sense in order to compensate for another that has been lost. Many a blind person has a super sense of hearing or touch. Considering how dependent you are upon all your sense - what sense, if you had to, would you be willing to give up?

Let's take a hypothetical situation. For some reason or other, you have to part with one of your senses. The choice would be yours. Most people would probably vote to give up the sense of touch. While very difficult to live without, a loss of the sense of touch might not pose the problems that the loss of one of the other sense could cause. Probably the next to go would be smell. In some people's book, this might be the first to go. Others might rank the sense of taste as less important than the sense of smell. Some would want to retain the sense of taste over the sense of smell, even though some experts tell us that the taste buds do not work accurately when the sense of smell is not present. The last two senses to be given up in anyone's book would be the sense of hearing and the sense of sight. While no one would like to be deaf, he would rather be deaf than blind. It would be the last to go on any imagined or hypothetical list. But consider this: Why is it that workmen take so many chances with their most precious sense? Every day people are blinded or suffer serious eye injuries because of failure to wear protective eye equipment. It is almost as if the sense of sight was considered the least valued on the list . . . instead of the last to go.

FORESIGHT PRESERVES EYESIGHT
"He should have worn his safety glasses." That's a hindsight statement that crops up every time someone suffers an eye injury. And too often it's too late; someone's eyesight is gone, due to lack of foresight! You've always got to remember that there are serious eye dangers involved in construction work - flying particles of dire, dust, rust, rock, bits of concrete - and the only answer is EYE PROTECTION. Any time you see that you are going to be exposed to special eye hazards, use foresight; wear eye protection. Your good judgment will tell you when anyone's sight will be in special danger - when work is going to be done with jack-hammers . . . when men work underneath materials with loosely-clinging particles (be sure to wear hard hats, too) . . . or when you are working outside in windy weather. If any member of your crew gets something in his eye, serious injury can be prevented by hustling him off to first aid. No one but a professional medical person should ever try to remove anything from an eye if it's near the pupil, or if there is bleeding, or if a particle appears to be imbedded, or if it appears that there might be a puncture or other injury. In such case, simply place a clean pad lightly over the eye and rush the man to a doctor. Eyesight is precious. . . and irreplaceable. Foresight can save vision . . . but the best of hindsight can never bring it back, once it's lost!

HEARING PROTECTION - NOW HEAR THIS
What Is Noise?
One definition describes noise as unwanted or unpleasant sound. We're all exposed to noise every day at home, at work and in traffic. A clear definition of noise is hard to describe. How you're affected by sound depends on the loudness, the frequency, the length of exposure, and even your age and health.

Types of Ear Protection
Hearing protectors filter out the loud unwanted noise. This means they do not block out sound completely, but they reduce the amount of sound reaching the delicate parts of the ear. By doing so, they offer some protection to your hearing. Earplugs also known as Aurals - Earplugs fit into the ear canal. Plugs come in three types - 1 Formable, 2 Custom molded, 3 Molded inserts. Canal Caps Earmuffs fit over the whole ear to seal out noise. Earmuffs can reduce sound levels by 15 to 30 dB and usually provide the most ear protection.

How Effective Are They?
In general, earplugs can reduce noise reaching the ear by 25 to 300 dB in the higher sound frequencies, generally considered to be the most harmful. Earmuffs can reduce noise 10 to 15 dB more than plugs. No matter what type of protection device you consider, remember that the only effective hearing protection is the one that you wear!

Safety Starts at the Top
Has your supervisor instructed you to respectfully point out to fellow workers when they seem to have forgotten to wear their hearing protection described above as well as gloves, glasses, or other necessary personal protective equipment that could save an injury? Even though YOU are the person MOST responsible for your own safety, it never hurts to work as a team, where safety is concerned. We must get to the point that no one would ever hesitate to remind another about safety. Safety must be FIRST!

RESPIRATORY PROTECTION- CHOOSING AND USING A RESPIRATOR
Respirators are among the most important types of personal protective equipment (PPE) available to persons working in hazardous environments. These important devices prevent harmful fumes, dust, vapors, and gases that can cause cancer, lung problems, and other respiratory diseases from entering the human respiratory system. Some respirators provide a separate supply of breathable air so work can be accomplished in an inadequate oxygen environment.

Who Needs to Wear a Respirator?
If you work with hazardous substances, there is danger in the air. You cannot always see or smell the hazard but it's still there. The dust, smoke, fog, mist, fumes, gases, vapors and sprays can all be hazardous to your health. Choosing the right respirator needs to be based upon:
· Exposure limit allowed for the particular contaminant
· Scientific measurement of the hazard level in the work area
· Amount of oxygen in the work area

What are the Types of Respirators?
There are two basic types of respirators 1)air purifying or 2)filtering and air supplying.

Air Purifying or Filtering
This type is also called APR (air purifying respirator). It is used where there's enough oxygen present (about 20%), but the air in this area is contaminated with gases, vapors, dust, or other materials. The respirator screens out dangerous materials or diverts air through a chemical filter that removes the harmful materials. The air purifying or filtering respirator usually has a replaceable, screw off/on filter. These respirators protect from gas or vapor hazards and filter out specific chemicals. Therefore, selecting correct cartridges and canisters for the respirator is very important. Color coding of the cartridges or canisters according to specific use helps prevent using the wrong one for the task.

WARNING: Not all dangerous substances can be safely filtered out of the atmosphere by purifying or filtering respirators. In some cases, you will need the second type of respirator.

Supplied Air Respirators
This type is also called SAR (supplied air respirator). Air supplying respirators are used whenever there is not sufficient oxygen in a confined space or area and where the air that is present is of immediate danger to life or health (IDLH). Use this type of respirator when contaminant concentrations exceed cartridge/canister capacity and when no cartridge/canister is effective against the contaminant found in the area.

Air supplying respirators might be facemasks that are connected by hose to a stationary air supply or self contained breathing apparatus (SCBS) with portable air supply tanks like those used by scuba divers. It is important for the user to monitor the amount of air used and the amount still available in the tanks.

How to Use a Respirator
As important as proper selection of a respirator is the proper fit. Even a tiny gap between the respirator and your skin can let in contaminated air, causing injuries and possible death. A respirator must fit securely but not too tight. Your nose should not be pinched. The respirator should not slip on your face, and you should have the ability to move your head and talk.

Care and Maintenance of Respirators
Before you put on a respirator, check for wear and damage. You should look for holes, tears, cracks that could let in contaminated air. Make sure all the connections are tight. You should take special note of any rubber parts which could deteriorate. After each and every use carefully clean and disinfect the unit, remember this is your primary shield against substances that can make you very sick or kill you. Treat your respirator with the respect it deserves.